9.Is gambling an irrational form of consumption Essay

9.Is betting a silly type of utilization - Essay Example Johnson et al. (1999, p.19) attempted to recognize the tax collection arrangements that allude to betting in UK and arrived at the resolution that ‘betting-shop card sharks in the UK face an assessment on betting of 10%, however have the decision of paying the duty either at the hour of bet or on any arrival on a fruitful wager; over 18% of wagers seem, by all accounts, to be put by players who decide to pay charge on the return.’. The above investigation centers around a specific part of betting, the tax assessment. Be that as it may, betting isn't just piece of the national economy. It is primarily a human action that should be investigated as of its reasons. In the writing, betting has been connected with the utilization; it is expressed by numerous scholars and specialists (the pertinent perspectives are introduced in the areas that follow) that betting is somewhat a ‘irrational’ type of utilization. The legitimacy of this supposition will be demonstrate d through the examination that is made in the sections that follow. Betting ought to be described as the movement of burning through cash on different sorts of games that offer the opportunity of benefit (the fiscal sum spent in betting is less from the sum expected to be gotten). The degree of the cash spent on betting and the odds for accomplishing a particular benefit are relied upon the terms and the states of each game. As the years progressed, betting has been extended in the Internet. Concerning issue, the investigation of Brindley (1999, p.281) demonstrated that ‘gambling by means of intuitive innovation is now supported by two late changes in customer conduct: first, expanding acclimation with intelligent innovation and second, by changes in the manner in which the betting business sector works; the collaboration between advertising betting and innovation will change the creation and utilization of gambling’. As such, the attributes of betting are relied upon to be changed constantly following the patterns of the

Scarlet Letter Essay Paper Example For Students

Red Letter Essay Paper In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, life is revolved around an unbending Puritan culture in which one can't reveal hisor her deepest contemplations and insider facts. Each person needs the chance to communicate how the person really feels, in any case the feelings are restrained until they become unpredictable. Sadly, Puritan culture didn't allow this sort of articulation, in this manner characters needed to look for substitute intends to calm their own anguishes and wants. Fortunately, in any event for the four primary characters, Hawthorne gives such an asylum as the secretive woodland. Hawthorne utilizes the woodland to give a sort of safe house to citizenry needing an asylum from day by day Puritan life. In the profound, dull parts of the woodland, a considerable lot of the critical characters deliver concealed contemplations and feelings. The backwoods track leads from the settlement out into the wild where all indications of human advancement disappear. This is unequivocally the getaway course from severe commands of law and religion, to an asylum where men, just as ladies, can open up and act naturally. It is here that Dimmesdale straightforwardly recognizes Hester and his undying affection for her. It is additionally here that Hester can do likewise for Dimmesdale. At last, it is here that both of them can transparently participate in discussion without being distracted with the requirements that Puritan culture puts on them. The woodland itself is the very encapsulation of opportunity. No one watches in the forested areas to report bad conduct, in this way it is here thatpeople may do as they wish. To autonomous spirits, for example, Hester Prynnes, the wild coaxes her: Throw of f the shackles of law and religion. What great have they done you at any rate? Take a gander at you, a youthful and energetic lady, developed old before your time. Furthermore, no big surprise, trimmed in, as you seem to be, on each side by forbiddances. Why, you can barely stroll without stumbling more than some precept. Come to me, and be masterless. (p.186) Truly, Hester exploits this, when Arthur Dimmesdale shows up. She straightforwardly chats with Dimmesdale about subjects which could never be referenced in wherever other than the woodland. What we did she reminds him, had its very own sanctification. We felt it so! We said to one another! This announcement stuns Dimmesdale and he advises Hester to quiet, yet he in the long run understands that he is in a domain where he can straightforwardly communicate his feelings. The idea of Hester and Dimmesdale having a private discussion in the limits of the general public where they live is unfathomable. However here, in the timberlan d, they can discard all hesitance lastly act naturally under the umbrella of security which exists. In Puritan culture, confidence is worried among numerous different things. Be that as it may, confidence is more than focused on it is expected. It is accepted that you need just yourself, and along these lines ought to have no passionate need for a comfort in times of dire need. Indeed, for individuals in the stations of life which Hester and Dimmesdale hold, it would be inconceivable for them to comfort one another. However, in the woodland, these considerations are hurled away. Be thou solid for me, Dimmesdale argues. Encourage me what to do. (p. 187) This is a weep for help from Dimmesdale, at long last conceding he can't experience this trial without anyone else. With this supplication comes an intriguing kind of job inversion. When Dimmesdale requests help, he is done supporting the conviction that he is above Hester. He is at long last conceding that she is an equivalent, or even that she is above him. This is conceivably one reason that Puritans wont acknowledge these passionate presentations in light of the fact that the general public is so socially arranged. Hester, accepting another situation of intensity, gives a genuine, moving discourse. The expert articulation of her words can't be overemphasized, and an all the more remarkable explanation presently couldn't seem to be made in the book. Hesters discourse ends up bearing a striking similarity to one of Dimmesdales messages. Start all once more! Lecture! Compose! Act!(p. 188) The inquiries she pose are likewise similar to the expressive inquiries which Dimmesdale would present during his lessons. The appropriate response is self-evident, yet upon closer assessment they appear to give startling outcomes. Whither leads there backwoods track? In reverse to the settlement, thou sayest! Yea; yet ahead, as well! More profound it goes, and more profound into the wild until, somewhere in the range of hardly any miles thus, the yellow leave will show no remnant of the white keeps an eye on track. (p. 187) If one glances at the title of this part, the significance turns out to be much more clear. ThePastor and His Parishioner uncovers that the jobs are presently switched. What other place could a confusion, for example, this happen, however inan tolerating condition? What other stage is there for a man of high respect in the network to pour his spirit to a lady who isshunned by the general population for a grave sin? No place else however in the backwoods, could such an occasion happen. .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .postImageUrl , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:hover , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:visited , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:active { border:0!important; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:active , .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:hover { darkness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content design: underline; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u3c344688 20ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u3c34468820ce05f817ad10a6c5b0cdb2:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Life Essay SummaryFinally, the backwoods draws out the regular appearance and normal character of the individuals who use it accurately. When Hestertakes off her top and loosens her hair, we see a renewed individual. We see the genuine Hester, who has been concealed this entire time under a shield of disgrace. Her eyes develop brilliant and a flush goes to her cheek. We perceive her as the Hester from Chapter 1. The excellent, alluring individual who isn't reluctant to give her hair and not hesitant to show her magnificence. The daylight, which recently disregarded Hester, presently searches her out, and the timberland appe ars to shine. Dimmesdale has likewise returned to life, if just for a brief timeframe, and he is presently confident and enthusiastic. We have not seen this from Dimmesdale for quite a while, and probably won't see it until the end of time. Puritan culture can be unforgiving and devastating to ones internal identity. Hawthorne made the woods to give the characters a spot toescape and express their actual considerations, convictions, and feelings. It was here that contemplations and thoughts streamed as interminably as the prattling creek, and feeling was as wild as the woodland itself. There are no limitations in the normal world, since it is only that, regular. No interruption from individuals implies no unsettling influence in the normal request, and subsequently serves to bring its occupants from their reality, and into this more seasoned one. I trust Michel Eyquem de Montaigne expressed it most determinedly when he said Let us grant nature to have her direction: she comprehends her business better than we do.

Death Penalty

Death Penalty Death Penalty Home›Controversial Posts›Death Penalty Controversial PostsThis is the true story of two habitual murderers; Karla Tucker and Theo Kaczynski. Tucker kills two people, repents yet she is executed. On the other hand, Theo kills like he is hunting for fun for he commits three successful murders with mail bombs, attempts to kill even more and as a result many who escape his deadly traps are injured including our Yale computer science professor, David Gelernter. He however pleads guilty, and is not executed but imprisoned though he is the type that doesn’t feel remorse for the crimes committed. Are we or are we not justified to put to death the remorseful Tucker and spare the unremorseful Theo?Governments around the world have a major role of providing peaceful and safe neighborhoods for their citizens, key issue being to punish those caught of turning other people’s lives upside down killing their loved ones. Therefore to believe in the fact that there is a common w ay in which Theo and Tucker pay for their crimes whether repented or not is a perfect way to solve such a case. Both appear to be serial killers for they repeatedly commit murders and are bound to do it again if they are set free. In another view, such people when given alternative sentences such as released on parole or life time imprisonment pose a danger not only to the outside world but also to their fellow inmates and prison wardens so while opponents argue that such punishments would correct these people, they do not seem to realize how dangerous Theo and Tucker can be to the society and therefore like animals unfit to coexist with their victims they deserve to die the same way-fast (Stuart, 2002).The need to put them to a stop arises once they are arrested and taken to court-to pay for their sins. Furthermore, when we let such people face a court sentence so severe, swift and straight to the point, the long term effect is a warning to those still out there like them. This rep resents what will similarly be done to them should they end other peoples’ lives. The court system is therefore justified to punish through capital punishment any offender no matter how much we argue that we cannot take charge of other people’s life. Here the religious aspect dies within the system as not matter how much repentant one appears to be. The only people that forgive them are those they wrong, those who sadly were defenseless to their grave, and they cry for justice for we know that the cry of the dead is the cry that haunts (Bakken, 2010).Theo deserved the death penalty not just because he is a murderer but also because his actions affected the life of others especially emotionally. Therefore people who are involved in murder activities should also be murdered. An eye for an eye sometimes should be executed in such situations. However, in modern states, the death penalty has been reduced to man slaughter where the penalty involves life imprisonment. Therefore the pen alty is lenient and the life of the murdered is spared in such situations.In my own opinion, death penalty should be abolished and other harsher penalties should be incorporated to accompany life sentence. In order to enforce ethical codes in the society and respect for human life, it is vital to ensure those involved in murder are punished. The inmates who serve a life sentence should be given a chance to change and be forced to restitution of the victims of their actions of murder.

Great Swindles of the 19th Century

Gods And Goddesses Were An Important Part Of Life - 963 Words

Gods and goddesses were an important part of daily life of ancient Egyptians and played a significant role in maintaining peace and harmony across the land. The people believed that they performed critical functions for the society, such as protection from evil, representation of towns, animals, plants, and taking care of the dead. Thus, the Egyptians considered interaction and worship of gods as a profound part of life because they helped to ensure that life continued in a desired way. However, ordinary people were banned from the participation in the temples and had different methods of entering into contact with the gods. Those methods by ordinary people of ancient Egypt argues whether it is justified to regard popular religious beliefs and practices as radically different from the institutional religion as practiced in the temples. The history showed that in their relations with the invisible, ordinary Egyptians were forced outside the temple system and could not participate, directly at least, in its functioning. The system itself was developed and one temple could be dedicated to only one god or goddess because, as the people believed, they lived there. However, not everyone was allowed to visit the temples on a consistent basis, especially ordinary citizens, who could enter the first area only. It was called courtyard and was open for visiting only on special festival days but other areas of the temples were closed. All ordinary citizens worshiped many gods,Show MoreRelatedCompare and Contrast Essay: Ancient Egypt and Greece812 Words   |  4 Pagesmysteries to life, ancient civilizations created religion to explain these mysteries. Many ancient civilizations believed in religions that worshiped more than one god or goddess, this is called polytheism. Both the Ancient Egyptians and the Ancient Greeks practiced polytheism. For both ancient civilizations religion was an important part of daily life. Ancient Egyptians and Ancient Greeks had similar creation stories and worshipped similar gods and goddesses yet there beliefs were still very different Read MoreGreek Mythology : An Important Part Of Life Essay1431 Words   |  6 PagesGreek mythology (the Greek version of storytelling) was an important part of life in ancient Greece. The gods and worship was also an important part of family life. Storytelling was how legends about the gods got passed on from generation to generation. The Greek people believed that all of the gods came from Gaia (the earth) and Uranos (the sky). They also believed that they argued, fell in love, and went to parties, just like an adult human. (Barrow, 2013) Greek mythology emphasized how natureRead More Greek Goddesses Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pages The Greek Goddesses In Greek mythology the gods and goddesses of Mount Olympus played a major role in everyday life. The Greeks respected them and thought of the gods as all mighty. In Ancient Greece the people honored and believe in the deities. Myths, poems, and epics tell the stories and beliefs referring to the gods and goddesses. Many literary works display the power and jobs of the goddesses. The Greek people lived to please the deities in hope of gaining a better lifestyle. TheRead MoreAncient Egypt : Religion And Religion1374 Words   |  6 Pagesshared values. Aspects of Egyptian life like law and art were connected with religion. Gods were represented with many things in nature like animals. Religion and life were very combined. Many aspects of Egyptian culture and civilization are connected with religion. Nature aspects like the sun and river is answered with what the gods do in mythology. Ancient Egypt had an organized system with beliefs about the supernatural, belief was an polytheistic one, and part of the culture and lives of peopleRead MoreDifferences Of Athena And Minerva801 Words   |  4 PagesIn both Greek and Roman civilizations, mythology played an important part in their empire’s success. Both of these civilizations were polytheistic religions. Likewise, they had major and minor gods and goddesses as part of their religion as well. However, since the Roman Empire conquered many cultures in cluding the Greeks, their gods blended with many similarities with the gods that the Ancient Greeks worshipped. One goddess that is very similar in both Greek and Roman mythology is Athena (Greek)Read MoreAnalysis Of The Odyssey And Oedipus The King 999 Words   |  4 PagesJohnathan Kennedy World Literature 212-WID3 Monday Wednesday 8:30pm-9:45pm Professor Thomas Carlisle Midterm Essay March 9, 2016 As in a large portion of Greek writing and the way of life of antiquated Greece, the move of the divine beings here as the higher force accepted to be in control of human predetermination. The antiquated Greeks trusted the divine beings controlled everything, from seasons and climate, to success and neediness. So we can undoubtedly acknowledge thatRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Civilization865 Words   |  4 Pagesancient Egyptian worshipped many gods and goddesses. Gods were worshipped in temples run by priests. Only on occasions was the god brought out and shown to the public. Small domestic statues were used by normal Egyptians to worship the gods and goddesses in their own homes. The afterlife seems to have been intimately connected to the preservation of the physical body by mummification. Ancient Egypt’s economy was based on agriculture. The great majority of the people were peasant farmers. Because of theRead MoreWomen s Belief Of Huma n Bodies1360 Words   |  6 PagesIn ancient Greek societies, women were largely restricted due to the ancient Greek’s belief of human bodies. Even though men and women were physically different and Greek societies were male-dominant, women had an important part to play in religion. Ancient Greek religious practices varied between men and women. Overall, ancient Greek religion was based on a give-and-take mindset in which the Greeks believed that they would receive protection from Gods and Goddesses if they worship and sacrifice forRead MoreWomen And Roman Religion And Its Impact On Society Essay1701 Words   |  7 Pages but for the most part they have kept the same values held high. Women and their impact on Greek and Roman religion is what shaped these regions to flourish and is what held the empires together through all war and turmoil that came their way. As history has shown, life cannot be sustained without a female presence. Religion of this time took that into consideration as women were the center of worship and ensured that proper rituals and ceremonies were upheld to please the gods. In both Greek andRead MoreThe Significance Of The Statue Of Khafre1621 Words   |  7 Pages Envision a world where the single purpose in life was to obey the gods who indirectly controlled people through your king. Rituals, duties, and praising were all part of a manifest to pass the tests of the Underworld to achieve eternal life after death. While this may seem like a radical lifestyle to us, this was how the real world was for the civilians during the Ancient Egyptian times. To truly express their fondness and devotion to the gods, people constructed works of art to represent this;

Separation of Powers Free Essays

The functions of the government are vast and varied. It is necessary to entrust these functions to specific organs, so that the responsibility for performing these functions may be effectively fixed. The division of governmental power under any constitutions may be of two kinds; the functional division such as legislative, executive and judicial and the territorial division of federalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Separation of Powers or any similar topic only for you Order Now Thus structurally considered government consists of three branches having for their functions (i) legislation or law meaning (ii) their execution or administration and (iii) interpretation of these laws. The three branches to which these functions belong are known as the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary respectively. Political liberty in a state is possible when restraints are imposed on the exercise of these powers. The functions of the government should be differentiated and assigned to separate organs to limit each section to its own sphere of action. So that these organs independently interact between themselves. This is what is known as the theory of separation of powers. Montesquieu, the celebrated French Scholar asserted that concentrated power is dangerous and leads to despotism of government. As a check against this danger he suggested to separate the functions of executive, legislature and the judiciary so that one may operate as a balance against the other. However Montesquieu was not the first scholar to develop the theory of separations of powers. Its origin can be traced back to Aristotle, the father of Political Science. Of course he did not discuss the issue in great details. He only analysed the functions of the three branches of government, the deliberative, executive and the judiciary without suggesting their separation. Besides many other philosophers at a later stage from thirteenth century onwards gave some attention to the theory of separation of powers. Jean Bodiri one of the earliest thinkers of the modern period sees the importance of separating the executive and judicial powers. But actually it acquired greater significance in eighteenth century. John Locke was one of the eighteenth century philosophers to pay greater attention to the problems of concentration of governmental power. He argued that the executive and legislative powers should be separate for the sake of liberty. Liberty suffers when the same human being makes the law and executed them. The Theory : Montesquieu, the noted political philosopher of France is regarded as the chief architect of the principles of Separation of powers. He in his book â€Å"The Spirit of Laws† published in 1748 gave the classic exposition of the idea of separation of powers. During his days the Bouborne monarchy in France had established despotism and the people enjoyed no freedom. The monarch was the chief law giver, executor and the adjudicator. The statement by Louis XIV that ‘I am the state’ outlined the character and nature of monarchial authority. Montesquieu, a great advocate of human dignity, developed the theory of separation of powers as a weapon to uphold the liberty of the people. He believed that the application of this theory would prevent the overgrowth of a particular organ which spells danger for political liberty. According to him every man entrusted with some power is bound to misuse it. When the executive and the legislative powers are given to the same person there can be no liberty. Because it is apprehended that the same person may enact oppressive laws to execute them whimsically. Again there is no liberty, if the judicial power is not separated from the legislature and executive. If the judicial and legislative powers are exercised jointly the life and liberty of the subjects could be exposed to arbitrary control; for the judge could then be the legislator. If it joined to the executive power the judges might behave with violence and oppression. If the same person or body of persons exercise these three powers that of enacting laws, executing them and of trying the cases of individuals, he maintained, that could spell the doom of the whole system of governance. In simple words Montesquieu’s view is that concentration of legislative, executive and judicial functions either in one single person or a body of persons results in abuse of authority and such an organisation becomes tyrannical. He argued that the three organs of government should be so organized that each should be entrusted to different persons and each should perform distinct functions within the sphere of power assigned to it. Disadvantages : Government is an organic unity. The various parts are closely interwoven. Therefore absolute separation of powers is both impossible and undesirable. In every modern government the executive has some kind of law making power to fill the gaps in the structure. Finer observes that rule making is no more or less than secondary legislation. The legislature in almost every country has to perform some judicial function by way of trying of impeachments. Maclver feels that this theory of separation of powers leads to isolation and disharmony. The various branches of the government tend to exhibit a sense of understanding and cooperation to achieve its end when they work together. But when they are separated to carry on exclusive work of their branch they become arrogant and refuse to work with other branches of government. This gives rise to lot of administrative complications. Every branch suffers from the vice of exclusiveness leading to loss of cooperation and harmony producing inefficiency of the government. The theory of separation of powers which upholds the system of checks and balances for the sake of equality of powers is based an wrong assumptions. It is not possible to accept the view that all organs of government mutually check each other. The theory also makes the mistakes in assuming that all the three branches of government are equally powerful. But precisely this is not the case. With the growth of positive states the legislature has been reduced to a subordinate position paving way for the executive supremacy which largely restricts and regulates the former. ‘Finally, the relationship between public liberty and separation of powers is not very significant. Liberty of the individuals largely depends on the psyche of the people, their outlook, the existing institutions, traditions, customs and political consciousness. The people of Great Britain are not less free than that of U. S. A. because there is less separation of powers in the former. Yet however the theory of separation of powers is not altogether without any significance. The complexity of modern society and the accepted concepts of a welfare a state demand more and more action and service on the part of the government. The crux of the problem of modern government is to find a synthesis combining the answer to two needs, the need for the welfare of the state and the need for freedom for the people. The welfare state assumes concentration of power on the executive level and consequently supremacy of the executive over the legislative branch. Of course it becomes alarming unless controlling and balancing devices are properly developed to keep pace with the ever changing face of the executive power. The doctrine of separation of powers from that point of view because more important today that perhaps any other time. Points to Remember Montesquieu developed the theory of separation of powers. He pointed out that the legislative, executive and judicial powers of government should be vested in three separate organs. They should not be concentrated in the hands of one man or a group of men. Advantages ) Separation of powers according to Montesquieu is the best guaran ­tee of the liberty of people. ii) Separation of power promotes efficiency in the administration. Criticism i) Complete separation of powers is neither possible nor desirable. ii) Separation of powers is likely to lead to inefficiency in adminis ­tration. iii) The theory is based on the supposition that all the three organs of the government are equality impor tant, but in reality it is not so. iv) Liberty of the people largely depends more on factors like their psyche, political culture, consciousness, and institutions than separa ­tion of powers this is sept of power How to cite Separation of Powers, Papers Separation of Powers Free Essays â€Å"The ‘separation of powers’ is incomplete within the current unwritten UK constitution. † The ‘separation of powers’ is doctrine of the UK constitution first termed by Montesquieu, a French political philosopher, in his 1748 book De l’esprit des lois (The Spirit of the Laws) he argues that there are three bodies of government – the executive, legislature and judiciary – which each have a discrete area of power with clear functions that no other body can imitate: this is true ‘separation of powers’. The purpose of which is to limit state power so that no element has an abuse of power hence protecting civil liberties. We will write a custom essay sample on Separation of Powers or any similar topic only for you Order Now By Montesquieu’s definition, the separation of powers is incomplete as there is clear overlap between the different branches of government, notably the legislative and executive. Contrastingly, the revisionist definition of the separation of powers as, remarked by Lord Bingham, claims that while the doctrine of the separation of powers is weak by the terms of the classic characterisation, â€Å"the separation between the exercise of judicial powers on the one hand and legislative and executive powers on the other is total or effectively so† This convincing revaluation of the separation of powers principle indicates that under the new â€Å"partial† definition, the separation of powers is a clear, complete doctrine in the UK unwritten constitution. By Montesquieu’s characterisation, the separation of powers is incomplete within the current constitution as argued by Bagehot. In The English Constitution, Bagehot asserts that there is a â€Å"close union, nearly complete fusion of the executive and the legislative powers† and claims the Cabinet act as the connecting link by which he defines as â€Å"a committee of the legislative body selected to be the executive body†. This violates a pivotal principle of the separation of powers doctrine, as stated by Vile, that the persons who compose these three agencies of government must be kept separate and distinct. Thus showing the separation of powers is incomplete within the UK constitution. Furthermore, the overlap of the legislative and executive is shown in the fact that government ministers are drawn from either of the Houses of Parliament; Also, up to 2005, the Lord Chancellor held a position in all 3 branches of government: a Cabinet Minister, a member of the House of Lords and head of the Judiciary. These instances violate a key principle of the ‘true’ separation of powers: that no individual can be a member of more than one branch. Furthermore, Courts legislate in the sense that they evelop principles of the Common Law thus undertaking the functions of both the judicial and legislative branch. This serves as evidence that, in accordance with Montesquieu’s belief, the separation of powers is incomplete within the UK constitution. However, the government has introduced legislation in order to limit the overlap between the different branches of government. In order to prevent the executive branch dominating Parliament the House of Commons Disqualification Act, 1975 limits the number of ministers who sit in the House of Commons to 95 persons. This restricts the influence of the executive branch on the legislative process thus further separating the roles of each branch. Also, the Constitutional Reform Act reduced the powers of the Lord Chancellor which was frequently criticised as violating the doctrine of separation of powers, as well as the European Convention of Human Rights, by exercising executive, judicial and parliamentary functions. The Act ended the Lord Chancellors role as Head of the Judiciary with the creation of a new position: the Lord Chief Justice; the Act also severed the direct link between the Lord Chancellor and the speaker of the House of Lords. This indicates a shift towards a more distinct separation of powers in line with the view of Montesquieu thus completing the doctrine within the UK constitution. It is possible to assert that in the UK constitution, it is impossible to have a complete separation of powers because if each branch regulated its own actions, it could potentially lead to an abuse of power and thereby could lead to the violation of the rights and liberties of the public. This has led to the development of a system of checks and balances whereby each branch can monitor the actions of the other branches while still being confined to their specified parameters of power. For example, the judiciary act as a check on the Government by hearing challenges to executive decisions in judicial review cases by which the claimant feels the decisions made by the government are unreasonable or indicate an abuse of power. Judges can also consider whether the Government, or Parliament, has acted in a manner compatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. For example, in Equal Opportunities Commission v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [2007], the Equal Opportunities Commission claimed that the Government failed to comply with its obligation to implement Directive 76/207/EEC (the Equal Treatment Directive of the European Union) when attempting to amend the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, a claim which was upheld by the High Court. The system of checks and balances is an integral part of the ‘partial’ separation of powers as it limits the amount of power possessed by each branch to ensure there is no dominant faction however still potentially infringes on another bodies role thus defying Montesquieu’s concept. On the other hand however, in the Federalist Paper 47, Madison argues that Montesquieu â€Å"did not mean that these departments ought to have no partial agency in, or no control over, the acts of each other,† thus upholding the view that the separation of powers is complete within the UK constitution due to the operation of the checks and balances system. The checks and balances system also emphasises that judicial independence plays a pivotal role in the separation of powers in the UK constitution. Bagehot claims there is a near fusion of the legislative and executive branch therefore, it is essential that there is a check on the power exercised by these branches. The judiciary can effectively act as a check on the powers of the executive due to the Constitutional Reform Act 2010 which established a new Judicial Appointments Commission which ended the Lord Chancellor’s position as head of the judiciary and his power to appoint judges. Also, the creation of the UK Supreme Court assumed the power of the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords thus severing the connection between the judicial and legislative branches and indicating a shift towards a more independent judiciary. According to Lord Steyn, the constitutional principle of judicial independence within the doctrine of the separation of powers exists to prevent the rise of arbitrary executive power which, under the UK constitution, this system is total and effectively so. This statement supports the views of Lord Bingham as stated previously, which thus shows that though the English Constitution does not reflect the pure form of the separation of powers, it exists in a partial form whereby there is a clear separation between the judicial branch and the legislative and executive branches. To conclude, the conflicting definitions of the ‘separation of powers’ makes it difficult to evaluate the extent to which it is present in the UK constitution. If considering Montesquieu’s pure definition it is clear that the separation of powers is incomplete within the constitution, especially between the executive and legislative branches of government as supported by the arguments of Bagehot. However, considering the ‘partial’ doctrine, it is possible to assert that the separation of powers is very evident in the constitution especially considering the independence of the judiciary. Bibliography Bagehot, W (1873). The English Constitution. London: Chapman Hall. p48 Constitutional Reform Act 2005 [2005] s 2 De Secondat, Charles. Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution. † In The Spirit of the Laws, Book XI. 1748. Accessed November 14,  2012. Director of Public Prosecutions of Jamaica v Mollison [2003] UKPC 6; [2003] 2 AC 411 at [13]. Elliott, Mark, and Robert Thomas. â€Å"The Constitution – Institutions and Principles. † Public law. Oxford: Oxford Universit y Press, 2011. p98. Equal Opportunities Commission v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. Queen’s Bench Division (Administrative Court). 12 March 2007. Westlaw. [online]. Accessed 16 Nov. 2012. House of Commons Disqualification Act [1975] s 24(2)(1) Madison, J. (1788). The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts. Federalist Papers. 47 Parpworth, Neil. â€Å"Separation of Powers. † Constitutional and administrative law. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. p29. Vile, MJC (1998). Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. p14. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. De Secondat, Charles. â€Å"Of the Laws Which Establish Political Liberty, with Regard to the Constitution. In The Spirit of the Laws, Book XI. 1748. Accessed November 14,  2012. [ 2 ]. Director of Public Prosecutions of Jamaica v Mollison [2003] UKPC 6; [2003] 2 AC 411 at [13]. [ 3 ]. Bagehot, W (1873). The English Constitution. London: Chapman Hall. p48 [ 4 ]. Vile, MJC (1998). Constitutionalism and the Sep aration of Powers. 2nd ed. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. p14. [ 5 ]. House of Commons Disqualification Act [1975] s 24(2)(1) [ 6 ]. Constitutional Reform Act 2005 [2005] s 2 [ 7 ]. Equal Opportunities Commission v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. Queen’s Bench Division (Administrative Court). 12 March 2007. Westlaw. [online]. Accessed 16 Nov. 2012. [ 8 ]. Madison, J. (1788). The Particular Structure of the New Government and the Distribution of Power Among Its Different Parts. Federalist Papers. 47 [ 9 ]. Elliott, Mark, and Robert Thomas. â€Å"The Constitution – Institutions and Principles. † Public law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. p98. [ 10 ]. Constitutional Reform Act 2005 [2005] s 2 [ 11 ]. Parpworth, Neil. â€Å"Separation of Powers. † Constitutional and administrative law. 7th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. p29. How to cite Separation of Powers, Essay examples

Silver free essay sample

Tokugawa Japan and Spanish colonial America led the world in silver production from 1500 to 1750. The primary flow of silver was from Japan to China and from the Americas to Europe. The documents explain the negative, bias and positive economic effects of the global flow of silver from the mid-sixteenth century to the early eighteenth century. Documents 2, 5 and 3 all deal with the negative effects of the silver flow. Antonio Vazquez de Espinosa, a Spanish priest, states that more than 3,000 Indians worked away hard with picks and hammers â€Å"poor fellows† loaded down with ore and according to royal records 326,000,000 silver coins have been taken out of his range. The priest probably said this because of his religious beliefs, he sees the hard work Indians go through to get large quantities of silver that have been taken out and he hates it. Wang Xijue from document 3, a Ming dynasty court official, The respected elders of Wang’s home district explained that the reasons why grain is cheap despite poor harvest in recent years is due entirely to the scarcity of silver coin, and as the grain prices fall less land is put into cultivation. We will write a custom essay sample on Silver or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The court official is against silver trade because the people of his home district are also against it since there will be less land to put in cultivation which means less grain production resulting in less money. Document 5 states the changes and difficulties that silver coins brought to the dye shops and customers. In the past the shops would sell cloth dyed in exchange for rice, wheat, or even chickens but since silver became popular the customer received a bill that was paid with silver obtained from a moneylender which caused greater difficulty in buying cloth. Documents 8 and 2 seem to be bias about the wealth and profit that is made by silver. Tomas de Mercado from document 2, a Spanish scholar, states that high prices have ruined Spain as the prices attracted Asian commodities and the silver currency flowed out to pay for them. By saying this he shows that raising prices ruined the economy but it’s good because later they didn’t have to pay for Asian commodities. Document 8 explains that East Indies have been in dyed cotton cloth, silks, and other goods are for our own use but a much greater part, in times of peace. Both documents show favor in both sides. Documents 1, 4 and 7 are in favor of the silver trade and explain the great advantages it has. Ralph Fitch, a British merchant from document 4 describes the goods the Portuguese carry when the go from Macao to Japan and states that the Portuguese use this silver to their great advantage in china. Ralph Fitch is a merchant, he makes a living off of trading, and this explains why he would be in favor of trading silver since it can be exchanged for numerous amounts of valuable items. He Qiaoyuan, a Ming dynasty court official reports to the emperor on the possibility of repealing forging trade. He can see that the Spanish have â€Å"silver mountains† and that they can make huge profit on Chinese silk yarn. The court official is in favor of slave trade because he is aware of the profit it can bring to the Ming dynasty. An additional document of an Indian mine worker would have been helpful to analyze the effects of the silver bullion in this period. Indian workers were necessary for the successful flow of silver, by having their point of view the effects would be seen more equally since they were the ones who were exploited to get these huge amounts of silver.

Cartier - Bresson Essays - Henri Cartier-Bresson,

Cartier - Bresson One of this century's icons in photography Henri-Cartier Bresson, thought to be the Father of modern day Street Photography, transformed the field through his concept of "the decisive moment." He defined it as "the simultaneous recognition in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as a precise organization of forms that give that event its proper expression." In other words, the dramatic climax of a picture where everything falls perfectly into place. Bresson's photographs excel in composition without cropping his negatives, he had a unique ability to capture the fleeting moment in which the subject's significance is revealed in form, content, and expression. Cartier-Bresson utilizes a Leica 35 Midtown Mediation camera, in fact, he popularized this small, portable camera. The general format that he incorporates is black and white silver gelatin in 11" x 14" and 16" x 20" sizes. The photograph, "Behind the Gare St. Lazare", 1932, a man jumping through a puddle, shows the French photographer's ability to catch the moment in which an event is about to take place. This picture is one of intensity and depth, it brings out his creativity and ability as a photographer. The contrasts of light-to-dark and dark-to-light is brought about all throughout the image. His ability of self-expression and compassion for his artwork, is what makes this photograph so full of life and passion. The style of the picture is smooth, and soft, yet at some angles it looks harsh and full of shadows. It brings out the complexities and intricacies that a photographer has to go through in order to achieve such a perfect picture. He also makes popular the saying "being at the right place at the right time," because this is just what this photograph demonstrates. It also catches the attention of any viewer, just in the simple way the man is literally above the ground jumping over the puddle, it's an amazement to any eye. The sense of shadowing that pertrude throughout the image, is in itself a great accomplishment. Bresson captivated his audiences through his marvelous works, he captured the essential quality and fineness of an object and multiplied it by 3. Cartier-Bresson was, and is an incredible photographer that still fascinates and enchants his audiences with such great works.

Know Your Eschatology

Know Your Eschatology Know Your Eschatology Know Your Eschatology By Maeve Maddox Political discussion these days often slips into the area of religion, particularly a belief in something called the Rapture. This might be a good time to look at some Christian theological terms and their definitions. eschatology [Ä•skÉ™-tÃ… lÉ™-jÄ“] 1844, from Gk. eskhatos last, furthest, remote. As a theological term it means the study of last things, i.e. death, judgment, heaven, and hell. parousia [prÃ… «-sÄ“É™, pÉ™-rÃ… «zÄ“-É™] -A Greek term that means arrival or coming. It is usually used to mean the Second Coming of Christ. Millennium [mÉ™-lÄ•nÄ“-É™m] from L. mille thousand + annus year, hence a period of 1,000 years. In Christian theology it denotes a period of 1,000 years during which Christ rules on Earth, a golden age, a time of universal peace. Amillennialism The a is a negative. This is the teaching that there is no literal 1,000 year reign of Christ as referenced in Revelation 20. Instead, it teaches that we are in the Millennium now. At the end of this millennium Christ will return. The final judgment will take place and the heavens and the earth will then be destroyed and remade. Antichrist a figure who opposes God. The word is used to describe a spirit of rebellion against God. Taken literally it refers to a specific future person who actively opposes Christ. He is able to perform miracles. Some believe he will be an incarnation of Satan. Christ will defeat him in a final battle. Armageddon [rmÉ™-gÄ•dn] the battle in which Christ destroys Satan, hence any complete disaster resulting in the end of the world. Tribulation a seven-year interval when a world religious-political leader called the Antichrist takes power. Rapture from Medieval Latin raptura, seizure, rape, kidnapping from Latin raptus a carrying off. An eschatological event in which true Christians are caught up in the air to meet the returning Christ. NOTE: There is disagreement as to whether the Rapture will take place before, after, or during the Tribulation. Historical Premillennialism a belief held by a large percentage of Christians during the first three centuries of Christianity. It is the belief that the Antichrist appears on earth and sets off the seven-year Tribulation. At the end of the seven years Christ comes, the saved are raptured, and his Church rules the Earth for a Millennium. During this thousand years of peace the faithful live in Jerusalem, occupying spiritual bodies. After this period, all people are judged. The faithful will spend eternity on a new earth, not in heaven. NOTE: After Christianity became the official religion of Rome in the fourth century CE, this belief was declared a heresy and suppressed. The belief reappeared in the 19th century and, with several variations, has again become widespread. Post-millennialism [pÃ… stmÉ™-lÄ•nÄ“-É™-lÄ ­zÉ™m] the belief that Jesus established the Kingdom of God in the first century and that we are already in the Millennium (not an exact 1,000 years, but a very long time). The Second Coming will occur after (post) this current Millennium. Pre-millennialism [prÄ“mÄ ­-lÄ•nÄ“-É™-lÄ ­zÉ™m] (1844) the belief that the Millennium lies in the future. Christ will come, bind Satan and his helpers, and rule over a peaceful earth for 1,000 years. At the end of that time Christ will release Satan and his angels who will raise an army which Jesus will destroy in the Battle of Armageddon. The Last Judgment will occur and a new heaven and new earth created. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:30 Religious Terms You Should KnowComma Before But12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

Arts Complementing Each Other Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arts Complementing Each Other - Essay Example Though sculpture and music are two entirely different areas of art, some times each can be seen as complementing the other. One can easily recognize that Edward MacDowell’s music complement Ed Kienholz’s sculpture in more ways than one. As Americans, both of them have been naturally influenced by many factors that are unique to American culture. Mac Dowell’s Indian Suite amply illustrates this complementary nature. The composer himself acknowledged the source of his themes for this to be Amerindian Folk songs. However, it was not an imitation or just a restating of Amerindian music exactly. The treatment is quite Mac Dowellian, so to speak, as he maintains a unique identity and character to his work. Potent and vigorous, the theme is unusual, and at times bordering on bizarre. This characteristic is amply echoed in Kienholz’s sculptures like John Doe. The vast, empty spaces of Amerindian country and the exhilarating sense of freedom the musical piece sugge sts has its counterpart in Kienholz’s sculptural form and architectural space.

Role of Strategic Entrepreneurship in forming Temporary Competitive Dissertation

Role of Strategic Entrepreneurship in forming Temporary Competitive Advantage resulting in Value Creation - Dissertation Example rce orchestration 36 2.8 Theory construct of entrepreneurship 37 2.9 Theory construct of strategic entrepreneurship 38 2.10 Conceptual framework 40 2.11 The association between strategic entrepreneurship and competitive Advantage 43 2.12 Limitations of prior research 44 2.13 Summary 44 3 Research methodology 46 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 Research philosophy and approach 47 3.2.1 Positivism 47 3.2.2 Deductive approach 49 3.3 Research strategy for qualitative and quantitative research 50 3.2.1 Qualitative research approach 50 3.2.2 Quantitative research approach 52 3.2.3 Biases in using case study, qualitative methods quantitative methods 53 3.3.4 Eliminating biases in case study methods, qualitative methods and quantitative methods 54 3.4 Research method and design 55 3.4.1 Case study 55 3.4.2 Interview 56 3.4.3 Survey 56 3.4.4 Observation 58 3.5 Sampling 59 3.5.1 The sample size 60 3.5.2 Simple random sampling 60 3.6 Data collection and analysis procedures 60 3.6.1 Structural equation m odeling 61 3.7 Summary 62 References 64 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Michael Porter promotes the idea that in order to grab hold of competitive advantage, competitive strategies are necessary for a certain organization to realize its corporate goal that would lead the firm to become a cut above the other (Porter 34). Porter tries to justify this point by embarking on the potential theoretical concepts associated with how a firm would achieve its competitive position in its industry or marketplace. As long as competitive advantage is a primary consideration, there is a relevant truth pertaining to the ultimate capacity of competitive strategies to help an organization realize its prevailing plans and objectives, as it could be either defensive or offensive actions that could ensure defendable position in the industry (Porter 34). The existence of competitive strategies is common everywhere today because of the tough competition, particularly in the realm of business. Strategic entrepreneur ship is one detailed subject in this area, where strategic management perspectives are present in order to pursue sound and excellent entrepreneurship for an existing firm’s competitive advantage, the very reason why many studies surfaces in order to understand why other firms generated successful performance and others do not (Rezaian and Naeiji 3). Strategic entrepreneurship is a common theme especially in the age of global economy, by which the organizations have the chance to explore a vast stretch of market area. Competition has become so tough, but one ultimate way out in order to make a difference is to secure a move towards strategic entrepreneurship to achieve competitive advantage. This is relevant to some existing companies at present where they initiated global strategic alliance for instance in order to define more critical point of doing entrepreneurship that would make a difference in their industry or specific market niche. They have strong orientation towards competitive advan

Zara Fast Fashion: Case Study

Zara Fast Fashion: Case Study Describe how Zara uses technology to improve operational responsiveness to customer expectations, and at the same time to reduce costs in certain areas. Zaras main strategy is to give a quick answer to end consumer demands and anticipate consumer trends through information technology and human resources. It operates on the basis of heavy backward vertical integration, working its way from the end consumer all the way back to the manufacturing and distribution. It ensures a very tight control of production through simple and effective IT systems as well as a high tech distribution center (DC.) It realizes cost optimization on its basic items for production and also time optimization in terms of speed to market of its fashion items making use of technology. Zara adapted to trends and differences across markets by interacting regularly with the store managers using the PDA and phone systems to get updates on customer feedback, fashion sense etc. The Point of Sale system (POS) in the store computers also provided valuable sales data to the distribution center which had a mobile tracking system that docked hanging garments in appropriate bar coded areas. The various garments were given Stock Keeping Units (SKUs) and orders were placed from the hand-held computers in the stores twice a week or more, to the distribution center where if particular items were in short supply, allocation decisions were made on the basis of historical sales levels and other considerations. After the orders were approved, the warehouse issued lists for delivery to the stores. Zara design teams tracked customer preferences and used sales information such as sales analysis, store trends and product life cycle information from the store managers, based on a consumption information system to transmit repeat orders and new designs to internal/external suppliers and the DC. The design teams thereby bridged merchandising and the backend of the production process and they developed the right products within the season to meet consumer demands. Zaras product development teams attended high fashion fares and exhibitions to translate the latest seaso nal trends into the designs. Hence, a super fast rate of operational responsiveness to customers was maintained and the DC was more of a place to merchandise than merely for storage. Technology also helped keep Zaras costs under control. By using the POS systems in store computers, handheld PDA devices for store managers and phone systems, accurate information regarding orders required were transmitted to the DC. The SKUs ensured accuracy in terms of which products needed to be produced and in what quantities and the DCs could use all this information and feedback from the design teams to make orders of the right quantity of each kind of product. Thus, inventory costs were very low, runs were limited and production costs were maintained at very manageable levels in spite of the large number of new items that are continuously produced. Zaras factories were also heavily automated, specialized by garment type and focused on the capital intensive parts of the production process, like pattern design and cutting as well as final finishing and inspection. A Just-in-time system was installed in collaboration with Toyota in these factories and this helped in faster comple tion of work and controlling of costs through continuous improvement processes. Management Information System technology plays a crucial role in Zaras customer responsiveness and cost control measures. From what you see in the case, does Zara price to market or on the basis of other factors? Zara always followed a market based pricing method. In each country, Zara always placed more focus on the market prices (local pricing levels) rather than on its own costs to forecast prices of items in particular markets. These forecasts were later overlaid on cost estimates that included all considerations such as distance, tariffs, and taxes and so on to see whether the potential market could achieve profitability in a year or two of opening the first store. Zara followed a different pricing strategy in each country, for example, in Italy and Paris the focus was more quality oriented and so the price of the same items were much higher, however, in Germany where consumers are price sensitive the items were lesser priced. This figured in the different marketing strategy followed in each country. Zara controlled its costs through its production and distribution processes and was positioned in many countries as high fashion at affordable prices which though were centrally determined, much lower than competitor prices for comparable products in its major markets. Percentage margins still held up, this was possible because of the direct efficiencies of short, vertically integrated supply chain, reduced advertising costs, and markdown requirements. Thus Zara competed at reasonable prices through a cost leadership strategy, completing Porters generic strategy through differentiated products and broad segmentation. Zaras customers in many countries bore the extra costs of supplying the items from Spain though the prices were market based, for example, prices were 40% higher in Northern Europe and 70% higher in the Americas than in Spain. This could be seen on the garments price tag which was an atlas to the customers. These higher prices outside Spain affected Zaras positioning overseas as high end instead of mid market range products to better validate the price differences. Like in Mexico where the target consumer base is narrow, it is geared towards the upper and middle class that knows fashion. Moreover, as in Europe, the artificial scarcity that Zara creates of its products in its stores urge the customers to pay the price and buy rather than wait it out. Markdowns are very low for Zara in Europe and elsewhere, 15-20% of its sales as compared to 30-40% for its European peers. Zara does not completely compete on basis of price as the usual Zara customer is not that price sensitive; instead, it competes on fashion and its quick response capability. Zara (2010) has just launched an on-line, e-retail distribution service. For an apparel retailer what are the advantages and disadvantages of online distribution? Can Zara make it work? Inditex has long used the internet to promote its various lines and corporate image and is also popular on Facebook, where it has 4.5m fans. Its Smartphone application, launched about a year ago, has been downloaded by 2m people. Zara can very easily make its online e-retail distribution service work successfully. Familiarity with the Zara stores thus provides name recognition for the online retail site, and the combination of customer data gathered by the store and the online retail site (through Google Analytics, for example) could lead to substantial personalized marketing efforts, using various channels. With Zaras policy of a lean advertising budget, an online retail portal will add greatly in terms of branding and awareness. Zara had initially decided not to sell clothes on the internet since the returns rates were too high. However, as of September 2010, Inditex put Zara branded products online for its customers, waiting for online demand to build. Customers can choose from the usual range of paying methods and opt either for a free store pick-up or paid-for postal delivery. The online return and exchange policy is identical to the store system, with shoppers given 30 days to change their minds. iPhone and iPad applications that allowed purchasing will soon be available and online sales will help Zara reach potential customers who have no easy access to physical stores. For an apparel retailer, the advantages of online distribution would be providing convenience to the shoppers to buy from the comfort of their home, save on travel time and costs and have easy access to the products. Customers will have 24 hour access to the shopping platform online and make better buying decisions through online chat and discussion. Researchers identify convenience as a fundamental objective related to online shopping (Schaupp Belanger, 2005). This is relevant to 72% of online shoppers claim that they would rather surf online than go to retail store to attain information about a product (Lokken et al., 2003). Costs on human resources (Vendors, shop assistants, managers) can be saved by the retailer and customers can make relaxed wise buy decisions without pressure from vendors. Infinite shelf space will be available in that, products available at all store locations and around the world without geographical boundaries, to the customers to choose from. Comparison sh opping in terms of styles and prices will be easier on the online portal than in the store for the consumer. Boston Consulting Group analysts Evans and Wurster theorize that the three main strategic draws of online retail are reach, affiliation and richness. Reach is defined as access and connection: how many customers a business can access and how many products it can offer. Moreover, a retailers range of product offerings was traditionally limited by the size of its stores and the cost of carrying inventory while online retailers as intermediaries between customers and suppliers need not necessarily have an inventory at all, only a catalog, often transparent to the customer. Affiliation refers to whose interests are represented by the online retailer who can treat the products from their various vendors more objectively, providing more objective information and better product comparisons for their customers. Richness refers to the depth and detail of information, about products and about customers. Evans and Wurster argue that traditional retailers still are at an advantage to supply expe rt information about products to their customers, and that they also are still in a better position to gather information about product sales and customer profiles and buying patterns. Online retailers are quickly catching up, however, gathering data about customer browsing behavior, purchasing history, and demographics. Online retailers are subsequently able to use this data to provide their customers with a fully customized online shopping environment, including individualized web pages, targeted ads and offers, and specific product suggestions, something traditional retailers cannot effectively do at their retail outlets. Some of the disadvantages of online retail would be the difficulty to gather trend information, product sales and customer suggestions. Zara could remedy this by using analytics and customer feedback forms online that are user friendly and attractive. The experience of shopping in a Zara store would be lost, but Zara would need to make its retail platform very interactive and spellbinding. Zaras prime store locations cost a lot of investment, and the advent of online shopping could mean cannibalization of its retail outlet sales and a waste of upkeep costs, this could put Zara into a fix. Customers will not be able to touch and try the product like they can in an actual store, [t]he likelihood of purchasing on the Internet decreases with increases in product risk (Bhatnagar, Misra, Rao, 20000, p. 100). Apparels in particular had negative rating in online shopping because of it is difficult to feel and see the texture of colour online that is incomparable to going to a retail store. The biggest drawback itself would be the concept of infinite shelf space that an online distribution will bring, for Zara. Being a company that thrives on the creation of artificial scarcity of its products, the online distribution channel will have to be very carefully controlled to ensure that customers buy the products with the same fervour as when they visit the store, knowing that it might not be available the following week. Zara can remedy this situation by advertising only a limited number of units of each product online so customers will know if the numbers are dwindling and that they need to act fast in order to acquire the product just as in the case of the actual store.

Online Examination System Essay

The purpose of on-line test simulator is to take online test in an efficient manner for various branches/semesters/courses at the same time and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line test simulator is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. It is targeted at removing all the paper work in the examination process. The system is designed by keeping future in mind so that it can be used in any educational institutions as well as in corporate World with little changes. It saves a lot of time as it allows number of students/trainees to give the exam at a time and displays the results as the test gets over, so no need to wait for the result. Administrator has a privilege to add new teachers and students to the test papers. User can register, login and give the test with his specific id, and can see the results as well. This software can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction is there that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test. The current system is analyzed thoroughly and all the bottlenecks are identified. 2. Users demonstrable needs are captured and freezed. User needs a web-based system, which will remove all the problems in existing system, the user is facing. The user wants a web- based system, which will reduce the bulk of paperwork, provide ease of work, flexibility, fast record finding, modifying, adding, removing and generating the reports. A new system has been proposed on my perception of the system, in accordance with the problems of existing system by making a full layout of the system on paper. 4. The feasibility of the system proposed was analyzed by comparing the following factors with both the existing system and proposed system. The proposed system was found feasible in terms of cost, effort, time and labor. Analysis of the system is complete. 5. Database design is complete. 6. System coding is in progress.

Motivation and Performance Theories in Relation to New Zealand Post

A simple game of bingo, if analysed closely, can be shown to be a tedious task consisting of a repetitive action that occurs after being prompted by a repetitive stimulus. The skill level needed to make that action is low, and the variability in the rules of the game rarely changes. This game is not unlike many of the jobs that can be classified as having low motivational performance. So why do people not only enjoy playing games like bingo, but actually pay money to have the pleasure? The answer directly points to the motivating factors of monetary rewards, which is the stimulus for the individual†s performance. In this essay I will discuss the theory behind â€Å"Motivation† and â€Å"Performance† in relation to New Zealand Post and the theoretical ideals that their management should adopt with employees. There are many theories regarding motivation with the most prevalent being the theories of Abraham Maslow and Frederick Herzberg. It is important to understand these theories and their implications to accurately comment on reinforcement theories of motivation. According to Maslow†s hierarchy of needs, there are five classes: (1) physiological, (2) safety, (3) social, (4) esteem, and (5) self-actualisation. (Karen. P. Harlos Lecture Notes) each lower level need must be satisfied before an individual experiences higher level needs. Also, as Hall, Batley, Elkin, Geare, Johnston, Jones, Selsky and Sibbald (1999) found that Maslow hypothesized that as physiological, safety, social, and esteem needs were satisfied, they ceased to motivate, while the self-actualisation needs actually motivate an individual more as they are satisfied (Hall et al. 999). Herzberg used this theory as a base to build his motivation-hygiene theory, which ties Maslow†s needs to on the job achievement. The hygiene elements relate to low needs (physiological, safety, and social)(Harlos 2000). For an individual, hygiene conditions include company policy and administration, supervision, relationships with peers and supervisors, work conditions, salary, status, and security. These, according to Herzberg account for 69% of the factors that cause employee dissatisfaction or lack of motivation. The motivation conditions, which include achievement, the job itself, recognition, responsibilities, and personal growth, accounted for 81% of the factors that contributed to job satisfaction. The hygiene conditions are extrinsic factors (behaviour that is performed for material or social rewards as defined by Harlos 2000) while the motivation conditions are intrinsic factors (behaviour that is performed for its own sake not for material or social rewards as defined by Harlos 2000), and the only way to sustain motivation toward organizational goals is through the achievement of intrinsic outcomes. Each of these theories has proven to contain ideas consistent with human nature, but each also has its limitations within organizational settings. Because lower order needs are generally satisfied in the workplace today, managers have to deal with how to provide esteem and self-actualisation to their employees, and that can be a vague concept to a manager who demands results immediately. Also, studies demonstrate that different workers are motivated by different factors be them intrinsic or extrinsic. In relation to New Zealand Post the above theories can be applied to achieve an excellent level of motivation within the organization, however there are potential disadvantages also, where the employees may get over-motivated or become too empowered and thus create divisions within the organization. In terms of Maslow†s theory, the five levels of needs could be ensured by mangers of NZ Post and overall by the corporate planners of NZ Post by the following; in terms of physiological needs, money is the driving factor here as it provides the a means of achieve food, shelter, warmth and sleep, thus that management role is very limited, as it is controlled to a degree by relevant laws of the country. However those above the management who set wages must be careful not to set wages too low, otherwise workers will become grossly dissatisfied and look elsewhere to achieve their basic needs (Hall et al. 999). At the safety level NZ Post can provide their employees with agreeable contracts and work benefits such as health care. A work environment that is considered safe as well as adequate ongoing training is another aspect, also assurances of long-term employment (Hall et al. 1999). Social level issues can be resolved by NZ Post by organising teams maybe by regions and encouraging group satisfaction, or perhaps even making sure contact is established by way of team sports days, or annual picnic†s etc, any activity that ensures worker contact (Hall et al. 999). The next level is perhaps the most crucial in terms of how much NZ Post management is concerned, management may be able to fill esteem needs of the employee by showing recognition of a job well done, which may lead to a internal structure whereby levels of achievement are reached, and as the employee reaches these levels they may gain more responsibility within the organisation (Hall et al. 1999). Self actualisation needs in terms of what management can do for employees to reach this stage, entirely depend on the individual, and the previous stage, as itself esteem is realised then self actualisation becomes of more importance, and so the employee is self-motivated and the role of the NZ Management is merely one of maintenance (Hall et al. 1999). The above are all very good in theory, but in practice the implications of some of these theories for an individual and for the organisation can be crucial. NZ Post Management couldn†t be blamed if they felt the offering of money to an employee over and above what the individual needs to satisfy there needs would result in that individual working harder, however what is more likely to happen is the individual isn†t motivated anymore by that factor, and is instead motivated by esteem needs, as cited in Hall et al. 2000) â€Å"A satisfied need is not a motivator† The application of the Herzberg two-factor model is in practice much more involved that I first thought, there seems to be a large amount of criticism about Herzberg, which I will attempt to briefly outline, and thus if NZ Post was to adapt this theory it may not provide the right answer to any problems they may be facing. Firstly there has been research done into the methodology of Herzberg's research, it seems that by asking the questions in the way that they did it was only natural that individuals would attribute the good things about the job to themselves and the bad things to the organisation (as suggested by Vroom 1964 cited in Thomson 1989). So the good things simply became meting challenges, getting promoted and assuming responsibility, whereas bad things were in affect always the fault of the organisation. Thus it was reasonable for individuals to attribute their lack of performance as being a result of poor organisational structure or communication, or poor wages or bad working conditions, therefore Herzberg†s findings were more a result of the way the questions were asked and not altogether an indication of what motivated individuals at work. The second criticism that arises is whether or not it is possible to clearly â€Å"distinguish between motivator and hygiene variables in the way that two factor theory does. † (Thomson 1989 pg 164). At times factors like the gender of the worker and the structure of the organisation tends to influence whether or not a job characteristics acts as a motivator or a hygiene, thus the distinction is not as clear cut as Herzberg†s theory would suggest. Finally the two-factor theory just doesn†t take into consideration the differences between individuals, its just known that individuals do not always react in a similar fashion, for the same work characteristics which will motivate one individual may not necessary motivate another. I suggest for NZ Post to be able to maintain the calibre of people they strive for, and to provide tools to develop and grow, the best way to create the desired environment and create the best management would be to adopt Maslow†s theories, as it allows for more of an individual touch to individual situations. McGregor developed an additional theory on human behaviour, motivation, and especially performance in the late 1950†³s. His theories X and Y and were based on assumptions made regarding the â€Å"system† and individuals. In short, in Theory X (the most common management practice) management organizes all elements of production, motivates and controls employee behaviour to fit the needs of the organization, and without this intervention, employees would be indifferent to changing organizational needs. McGregor further assumes that managers believe that the average employee is by nature are lazy, dislike work, want security and dislike responsibility (as cited by Harlos 2000). McGregor†s alternative to Theory X was Theory Y. This theory made the assumptions that management has the responsibility for organizing the elements of production, people are not by nature passive, but become so as a result of experiences, management should enable employees to develop their motivational characteristics, and that it is essential for management to arrange organizational conditions in a manner where employees can achieve their own goals by directing their personal effort towards organizational objectives. The contrast between X and Y solely relates to who controls human behaviour. Theory X touts external control, and Theory Y promotes a self-fulfilling prophecy and that Theory Y management will breed Theory Y employees and vice-versa. In the application of McGregor†s theories an obvious pitfall is that obviously given the choice management will opt for Theory Y, however the application can result in a very different outcome. Theory Y places an unrealistic amount of burden on the management, and thus they have to sometimes resort to Theory X as no matter how much nurturing or inspiration managers give to employees, there will always be some who just have no desire to work, and show little or no initiative. So NZ Post may run many seminars to attempt to increase performance, or empower those who management feel need a performance boost, yet inevitably those who have no desire to perform better will just not respond to any of these performance motivators and hence management will have to resort to Theory X management to get these employees to work as they should be. Another problem may be with those employees who have been part of the organisation for a number of years, and a new fresh inspirational manager comes along who has been to all the courses and seminars and has used all the theories, and yet these employees are so used to old school Theory X management, they will just simply not be able to conform to this new Theory Y management style, as suggested in Hall et al. (1999) In conclusion I have outlines both Maslow†s and Herzberg†s theories in relation to motivation and McGregor†s theories in relation to performance. I also have suggested ways in which NZ Post could apply these theories to enable them to better fulfil their corporate profile statement. I suggested that perhaps Herzberg†s theory would not be best suited to NZ Post due to the many flaws in the application of his theory and that Maslow†s theory in practice would enable a better fufilment of the corperate profile statement.

Music And Its Influence On Society - 3041 Words

Introduction Art has undoubtedly become a decisive aspect of our culture; embedded in the way we learn and grow on a daily basis. Art forms such as music, television and dance dominate our society as an outlet of freedom of speech for humanity. The evolution of music has rapidly exceeded its original classifications, developing new genres with greater appeal to an audience, hence its influence on society has expedited. In recent times, lyrics (specifically rap lyrics) have been introduced into the court room as a form of documented confessional evidence, evidently challenging law’s authoritative nature. This essay will closely follow the genre of rap and its relationship with law, through cases based in the United States of America (USA). In addition, the trial of Simon Bikindi in Rwanda and Smith v The Queen will be used to form an acute analysis on the influencing factors of relevance, identity, freedom of speech and current constitutional law. II. Hip Hop Music and Crime In tune with the worldwide development and popularity of Hip Hop music, â€Å"a symbiotic relationship between culture and law†1 has emerged. â€Å"Culture shapes the law, and law is a product of culture†.2 Our society is reminded and alerted to daily neighborhood, state and national crimes via not only online and television news forums, but the various social platforms now heavily relied on: YouTube, Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. However, it can be argued that these new advances in technology andShow MoreRelatedMusic And Its Influence On Society1752 Words   |  8 Pages Music has always been an influence in the evolution of world civilizations and is still an important form of art and entertainment that humans find great pleasure in listening to today. There are multitudinous types and genres of music from all over the world, varying from classical, jazz, hip-hop, reggae, country, rock, and even rap. 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